Web-based second language grammar development: Researching the options

%3Ch3+class%3D%22post-title+entry-title%22%3E%0D%0A+Web-based+second+language+grammar+development%3A+Researching+the+options+%3C%2Fh3%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22post-header%22%3E%0D%0A++%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22border-collapse%3A+separate%3B+color%3A+black%3B+font-family%3A+%27Times+New+Roman%27%3B+font-size%3A+x-small%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+font-variant%3A+normal%3B+font-weight%3A+normal%3B+letter-spacing%3A+normal%3B+line-height%3A+normal%3B+orphans%3A+2%3B+text-indent%3A+0px%3B+text-transform%3A+none%3B+white-space%3A+normal%3B+widows%3A+2%3B+word-spacing%3A+0px%3B%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22border-collapse%3A+separate%3B+color%3A+black%3B+font-family%3A+%27Times+New+Roman%27%3B+font-size%3A+x-small%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+font-variant%3A+normal%3B+font-weight%3A+normal%3B+letter-spacing%3A+normal%3B+line-height%3A+normal%3B+orphans%3A+2%3B+text-indent%3A+0px%3B+text-transform%3A+none%3B+white-space%3A+normal%3B+widows%3A+2%3B+word-spacing%3A+0px%3B%22%3E%3Cdiv+style%3D%22background-color%3A+%23ffffdd%3B+color%3A+%23333333%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22outline%22+style%3D%22margin%3A+4em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22journal%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cul+style%3D%22border-style%3A+solid%3B+border-width%3A+0em+0em+0.2em%3B+list-style-type%3A+none%3B+margin%3A+0em%3B+padding%3A+0em+0em+0.1em+0.2em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3EISSN+1442-438X%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3ECALL-EJ+Online%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3EVol.+1%2C+No.+3%2C+2000+January%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Ful%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22title%22+style%3D%22margin%3A+2em+5em%3B+text-align%3A+center%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Ch2%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3C%2Fh2%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22author%22+style%3D%22margin%3A+0em+0em+4em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cul+style%3D%22list-style-type%3A+none%3B+margin%3A+0em+0em+1em%3B+padding%3A+0em+0.2em+0em+0em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+style%3D%22text-align%3A+right%3B%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3ECristina+Poyatos+Matas+%26amp%3B+Gary+Birch%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+style%3D%22text-align%3A+right%3B%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3EGriffith+University%2C+Australia%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Ful%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22article%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22chapter%22+style%3D%22margin%3A+0em+0em+3em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Ch3+style%3D%22border-style%3A+solid%3B+border-width%3A+0em+0em+0.05em%3B+padding%3A+0em+0em+0.1em+0.2em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3EAbstract%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fh3%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22line-height%3A+1.3em%3B+padding%3A+0em+0.2em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3EThis++article+describes+the+work+completed+after+one+year+of+a+three+and+a++half+year+research+project+designed+to+study+the+effects+of+purposeful++interaction+on+the+Internet+on+the+grammatical+accuracy+of+French++immersion+students+in+two+Australian+high+schools.+The+two+schools+adopt++different+approaches+to+the+teaching+of+grammar%2C+one+integrating+it++with+the+immersion+subject-matter+content%2C+while+the+other+teaches+it+as++a+discrete+subject.+To+date%2C+one+of+the+schools+has+been+linked+with++schools+in+France+and+Canada+to+produce+a+web+magazine+containing++articles+written+collaboratively+in+French+%28by+the+Australian+and++Canadian+students%29+and+in+English+%28by+the+French+students%29.+The+other++school+is+to+be+linked+in+2000.+A+number+of+web+tools+have+been++developed+which+allow+the+researchers+to+monitor+the+students%27++interactions+during+the+process+of+arriving+at+publishable+articles.++This+article+describes+the+use+of+a+range+of+research+instruments++developed+to+gather+project+data+and+explains+how+the+data+will+be+used++to+address+the+research+question%3A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-converted-space%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3E%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22italic%22+style%3D%22font-style%3A+italic%3B%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3EWhat+is+the+effect+of+purposeful+interaction+via+the+Internet+on+the+grammatical+accuracy+of+foreign+language+learners%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22chapter%22+style%3D%22margin%3A+0em+0em+3em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Ch3+style%3D%22border-style%3A+solid%3B+border-width%3A+0em+0em+0.05em%3B+padding%3A+0em+0em+0.1em+0.2em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3ERationale+for+the+project%3A+Immersion%2C+consciousness+raising+and+the+Internet%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fh3%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22line-height%3A+1.3em%3B+padding%3A+0em+0.2em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3EImmersion++programs+in+which+a+foreign+language+is+used+to+teach+regular+subject++matter+%28such+as+social+sciences%2C+maths%2C+sciences%2C+etc.%29+have+being+very++successful+in+achieving+high+levels+of+foreign+language+proficiency%2C++without+having+negative+effects+on+the+students%27+progress+in+the++subjects+taught+via+the+foreign+language+%28Chappell+%26amp%3B+De+Courcy%2C++1993%3B+Genesee%2C+1987%3B+Krashen%2C+1984%29.+However%2C+while+immersion+students++out-perform+students+taught+by+other+approaches%2C+in+terms+of+grammatical++accuracy+and+sociolinguistic+appropriacy%2C+their+language+use+falls++short+of+native+speaker+norms+%28Harley%2C+1984%3B+Hammerley%2C+1982%3B+Lyster%2C++1987%29.+It+has+been+pointed+out+%28Lyster%2C+1987%29+that+this+is+due+to+the++fact+that+students+communicate+for+the+most+part+with+their+peers+who++are+at+a+similar+level+of+target+language+proficiency+and+with+teachers++who+often+overlook+grammatical+errors+if+the+student%27+s+subject+matter++is+correct.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22line-height%3A+1.3em%3B+padding%3A+0em+0.2em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3EIn++the+past%2C+a+number+of+approaches+to+the+teaching+of+grammar+in++immersion+programs+have+been+trialed.+Day+and+Shapson+%281991%29++experimented+with+the+teaching+of+functional+grammar+and+recorded+some++initially+promising+results.+However%2C+over+a+period+of+six+months%2C+the++students+involved+did+not+maintain+their+initial+advantage+over+a++control+group.+Lyster+%281994%29+developed+an+approach+that+attempted+to++raise+students%27+consciousness+of+correct+grammatical+form+which+resulted++in+some+positive+outcomes.+Davies+%281995%29+has+developed+a+%E2%80%9Cdual-focus%E2%80%9D++approach%2C+which+explicitly+teaches+grammar+in+tandem+with+the++subject-matter+content+of+the+immersion+program.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22line-height%3A+1.3em%3B+padding%3A+0em+0.2em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3EIn++arguing+for+the+importance+of+interaction+with+native+speakers%2C+Valette++%281993%29+contrasted+the+accuracy+of+students+who+learned+French+in+French++government+lyc_e+schools+with+the+flawed+accuracy+of+immersion++students.+Swain+%281993%29%2C+in+emphasizing+the+important+role+of+output+in++the+language+acquisition+process%2C+highlighted+the+opportunity+that++interaction+provides+for+learners+to+test+hypotheses+about+language++rules+and+consequently+to+modify+their+language+in+the+direction+of++native+speaker+norms.+It+would+seem%2C+therefore%2C+that+if+students+are+to++monitor+their+performance+and+to+refine+the+grammatical+rules+on+which++they+operate%2C+they+will+be+assisted+if+given+the+opportunity+to+interact++regularly+with+native+speakers.+Furthermore%2C+Swain+%281998%29+maintained++that+student+production+of+output+promotes+consciousness+raising+as+it++puts+students+in+the+position+of+noticing+the+gap+between+what+they+can++say+and+what+they+cannot+say%2C+helping+them+to+become+aware+of+their++degree+of+knowledge+of+the+target+language.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22line-height%3A+1.3em%3B+padding%3A+0em+0.2em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3EThe++geographical+location+of+Australia+makes+interaction+with+native++speakers+difficult%2C+especially+in+those+languages+such+as+French+where++immigration+of+native+speakers+has+been+limited.+For+this+reason%2C+it+is++relevant+to+explore+the+use+of+new+technologies%2C+such+as+email+and+the++World+Wide+Web+to+establish+whether+the+access+that+they+allow+foreign++language+learners+to+native+speakers+and+to+immersion+students+in+other++parts+of+the+world+impacts+positively+on+the+development+of+the++learners%27+grammar%2C+particularly+as+it+is+revealed+in+their+written++language.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22line-height%3A+1.3em%3B+padding%3A+0em+0.2em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3EStudies++of+the+use+of+e-mail+and+the+Internet+%28Boggs+%26amp%3B+Jones%2C+1994%3B++Carrucan+%26amp%3B+Crewe%2C+1996%3B+Chun%2C+1994%3B+Cooke%2C+1996%3B+McWhirter%2C+1996%3B++Hogget%2C+1996%3B%29+have+found+that+students+experience+a+range+of+benefits%2C++including+intercultural+understanding%2C+greater+awareness+of+audience%2C++the+development+of+critical+thinking+and+an+increase+in+written++production.+In+addition+to+registering+improved+motivation+%28Warschauer%2C++M.%2C+Turbee%2C+L.%2C+%26amp%3B+Roberts%2C+B.%2C1996%29%2C+it+has+been+suggested+%28Bonk%2C++Medry+and+Reynolds%2C+1994%3B+Cavalier%2C+Klein+%26amp%3B+Cavalier%2C+1995%3B+Forman%2C++1994%29+that+students+experience+enhanced+achievement+through+access+to++peer+feedback+and+discussion+by+Computer-Mediated+Communication+%28CMC%29.++This+applies+particularly+to+the+development+of+writing+especially+when++interaction+occurs+with+more+capable+peers%2C+a+feature+that+is++particularly+relevant+to+the+use+of+CMC+to+provide+contact+with+native++speakers+and+other+learners+of+a+foreign+language.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22line-height%3A+1.3em%3B+padding%3A+0em+0.2em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3EReports++from+the+foreign+language+classroom+%28Barson%2C+Frommer+%26amp%3B+Schwartz%2C++1993%3B+Oliva+%26amp%3B+Pollastrini%3B+1995%3B+Poyatos%2C+1996%29+have+confirmed++learning+outcomes+similar+to+those+documented+from+regular+classrooms.++Oliva+and+Pollastrini+%281995%29+conclude+that+Internet+resources+when+used++to+allow+students+to+communicate+with+native+speakers+are+conducive+to++fostering+second+language+acquisition.+Moreover%2C+the+language+teachers++involved+in+these+projects+have+suggested+benefits+in+all+language++skills+including+the+development+of+grammar%2C+and+it+has+been+found++%28Kern%2C+1995%3B+Warschauer%2C+1996%29+that+students%27+linguistic+output+has+been++more+complex+at+lexical+and+syntactical+levels+than+when+they+are++engaged+in+face-to-face+interaction.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22line-height%3A+1.3em%3B+padding%3A+0em+0.2em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3EIn++recent+years%2C+a+growing+body+of+research+has+suggested+that+conscious++reflection+on+learning+may+contribute+to+positive+learning+outcomes++through+the+development+of+learner+autonomy+%28Ellis%2C+1994%3B+Little%3B+1996%3B++Rutherford%2C+1987+and+Van+Lier%2C+1996%29.+Furthermore%2C+the+research+studies++of+Lamy+and+Goodfellow+%281999%29+have+suggested+that+%E2%80%9Clearners+engaging+in++reflective+online+conversations+may+be+more+likely+to+notice+formal++features+of+the+target+language+than+they+would+in+other+kinds+of++exchanges%E2%80%9D+%28p.+60%29.+However%2C+in+spite+of+considerable+speculation++concerning+the+benefits+of+the+use+of+email+and+the+Internet+for+the++development+and+acquisition+of+grammar+in+foreign+language+learners%2C++there+are+no+empirical+studies+based+on+consistent+longitudinal+data++collection+which+describe+the+efficacy+and+implementation+of+different++grammar+teaching+and+learning+approaches+with+or+without+the+support+of++Computer-Mediated+Communication.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22chapter%22+style%3D%22margin%3A+0em+0em+3em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Ch3+style%3D%22border-style%3A+solid%3B+border-width%3A+0em+0em+0.05em%3B+padding%3A+0em+0em+0.1em+0.2em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3EThe+aims+of+the+project+and+their+evolution%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fh3%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22line-height%3A+1.3em%3B+padding%3A+0em+0.2em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3EThis++longitudinal+study+started+in+February+1998+and+will+be+completed+in++2001.+The+first+two+stages+of+the+project+have+been+completed+and+that++is+why+they+are+being+reported+in+this+paper%2C+as+they+provide+relevant++information+about+the+research+design+and+initial+implementation+of+this++study.+The+initial+aim+of+the+research+project+was+to+compare+two+broad++approaches+to+the+improvement+of+the+grammatical+accuracy+of+students++in+French+immersion+programs.+One+approach+involved+Australian+students++in+a+French+immersion+program+interacting+with+students+in+France+and++Canada+via+email+and+the+Internet+with+a+view+to+producing+a++collaborative+electronic+magazine.+The+other+approach+involved+another++group+of+Australian+French+immersion+students+receiving+explicit++grammatical+instruction+integrated+with+content+subjects+in+the++immersion+program.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22line-height%3A+1.3em%3B+padding%3A+0em+0.2em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3EHowever%2C++it+was+found+that+in+order+to+respect+the+pedagogic+integrity+of+one+of++the+participating+schools%2C+it+was+necessary+to+broaden+the+scope+of+our++investigation.+It+was+found+during+the+pilot+stage+that+the+school+that++was+to+use+only+the+Internet+was+in+fact+teaching+French+grammar++classes+that+were+not+integrated+with+immersion+content+subjects.+As+a++consequence%2C+the+initial+aim+was+changed+to+document+and+assess+the++influence+that+four+different+approaches+to+grammar+teaching+and++learning+may+have+on+French+immersion+students%27+grammatical+and+written++development.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22line-height%3A+1.3em%3B+padding%3A+0em+0.2em%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22Apple-style-span%22+style%3D%22color%3A+red%3B%22%3EThese+approaches+are%3A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Col%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+style%3D%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