The use of collaborative Web page-design projects for teaching EFL, with a focus on Japanese university students

%3Ch3+class%3D%22post-title+entry-title%22%3E%0D%0A+The+use+of+collaborative+Web+page-design+projects+for+teaching+EFL%2C+with+a+focus+on+Japanese+university+students+%3C%2Fh3%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22post-header%22%3E%0D%0A++%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22journal%22%3E%0D%0A+++%3Cul%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3EISSN+1442-438X%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3ECALL-EJ+Online%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3EVol.+3%2C+No.+1%2C+June+2001%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Ful%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22title%22%3E%0D%0A++%3Ch2%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3C%2Fh2%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22author%22%3E%0D%0A+++%3Cul%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3EIain+Davey%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22mailto%3Aifd66%40mac.com%22%3Eifd66%40mac.com%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3ERitsumeikan+University%2C+Japan%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Ful%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22article%22%3E%0D%0A++++%3Cdiv+class%3D%22chapter%22%3E%0D%0A++++%3Ch3%3E%0D%0AIntroduction%3C%2Fh3%3E%0D%0AThe++relatively+new+area+of+Computer+Assisted+Language+learning+%28CALL%29+is+++now+regarded+to+be+in+its+third+phase+of+development+%28Trotman%2C+2000%29+++which+is+characterised+by+the+dominance+of+the+Internet%2C+and+in+++particular+the+World+Wide+Web+%28WWW+or+Web.%29.+Where+as+in+the+early+++1980%27s%2C+CALL+consisted+almost+entirely+of+relatively+simple+grammar+or+++text-reconstruction+programmes%2C+and+by+the+late+1980%27s%2C+there+was+the+++emergence+of+%22multimedia%22%2C+which+allowed+for+the+more+interactive+use+of+++sound%2C+text+and+images.+Finally%2C+it+has+been+during+the+90%27s+that+the+++third+phase+emerged+with+the+phenomenal+growth+of+the+Internet.++++%0D%0AOver+the+past+ten+years%2C+using+the+Internet+as+an+EFL+tool+has+received+++much+attention+that+is+evidenced+by+the+plethora+of+articles+that+are+++dedicated+to+this+growing+area+of+teaching+%28e.g.+Fox+1998%2C+Garner+%26amp%3B+++Gillingham+1996%2C+Motteram+1997%29.++++%0D%0AAs+a+useful+summary%2C+Grey+%281999%29+identifies+four+ways+that+the+Internet++may+be+utilised+in+the+class%3A++++%0D%0A%3Col%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3ESearch+for+and+receive%3A+Activities+that+involve+researching+from++the+information+held+on+the+Web+++%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3EPublish+and+provide%3A+When+students+create+their+own+material+for++the+Web.+++%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3ETalk+to+and+reply%3A+Activities+using+e-mail%2C+virtual+chat+rooms++%28MOOs+etc%29.+++%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3ECollaborate+and+learn%3A+When+students%2C+ideally+from+different+++classes+or+even+different+countries%2C+work+together+on+a+joint+project.+++++%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fol%3E%0D%0A%0D%0AAlthough+this+paper+will+mainly+focus+on+the+second+category%2C+the+++various+issues+and+activities+that+will+be+covered%2C+will+also+involve+++the+other+three+categories.+Particular+areas+for+attention+will+include+++aspects+of+authenticity%2C+motivation%2C+task-based+learning+and+++collaborating+learning.++++%0D%0AWhile+considering+what+web+page-design+activities+may+actually+involve%2C+++the+paper+will+look+at+how+the+various+facets+of+such+work+can+be+++applied+to+the+ELT+classroom+together+with+the+benefits%2C+and+the+++possible+obstacles%2C+of+doing+so.+The+paper+will+relate+the+main+points+++to+the+experiences+of+a+project+that+was+carried+out+with+Japanese+++university+students.++++%0D%0AFinally%2C+data+collected+from+a+questionnaire+given+to+the+students+after+++they+had+completed+their+projects+will+be+considered+and+then+used+to+++form+a+conclusion.++++%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22chapter%22%3E%0D%0A++++%3Ch3%3E%0D%0AWhat+a+collaborative+Web+page-design+project+can+involve%3C%2Fh3%3E%0D%0AThe++main+goal+is+to+provide+the+students+with+a+significant+task+that+++requires+meaningful+communication+through+collaboration%2C+either+inside%2C+++or+outside+the+classroom.+In+the+context+of+language+teaching%2C+a+task+++is%3A++++%0D%0A%27Any+classroom+work+which+involves+learners+in+comprehending%2C+++manipulating%2C+producing+or+interacting+in+the+target+language+while+++their+attention+is+primarily+focused+on+meaning+rather+than+form%27%28Nunan%2C+++1993%3A59%29++++%0D%0AAs+we+shall+see+in+this+paper%2C+in+addition+to+Web+page-design+skills%2C+++good+tasks+have+the+potential+to+encapsulate+the+use+and+development+of+++many+other+skills+such+as+E-mailing%2C+browsing%2C+and+creative+design.+++However%2C+because+of+the+technical+aspect+of+this+kind+of+project+work%2C+++it+is+essential+that+students+are+given+adequate+training+and+experience+++in+using+the+Internet.+As+Trokeloshvilli+%26amp%3B+Jost+%281997%29%2C+among+++others%2C+point+out%2C+computer+competence+may+be+regarded+as+the+single+++most+important+aspect+of+a+web-integrated+class.++++%0D%0AIn+most+cases+teachers+should+assume+minimal+or+even+no+experience+of+++the+Internet+among+the+students+and+progressively+take+them+through+a+++number+of+tasks+that+teach+them+basic+Web+orientation+and+navigation+++skills%2C+and+how+to+use+E-mail.+If+this+stage+is+neglected%2C+students+will+++soon+find+the+main+tasks+that+follow+too+difficult%2C+and+overwhelming.+++Therefore%2C+as+Fox+%281998%29+comments%2C+teacher+support+is+essential.++++%0D%0AAdequate+teacher+training+in+computer+skills+is+equally+important+if+++they+are+to+provide+the+additional+support+%28as+compared+to+non-CALL+++language+classes%29+students+will+need+to+overcome+the+technical+problems+++that+will+inevitably+occur.+At+my+university%2C+in+addition+to+trained+++teachers%2C+assistants+are+provided+to+help+with+the+support+of+the+CALL+++classes.++++%0D%0AIn+the+planning+stage+of+any+project%2C+it+is+also+important+to+consider+++the+contact+hours+and+facilities+that+are+available+when+deciding+on+the+++type+and+level+of+support.++++%0D%0AOnce+the+students+are+familiar+with+the+rudimentary+skills+of+using+the+++Web%2C+they+can+be+introduced+to+the+basics+of+using+web+page+editors.+++These+are+software+programmes+used+to+make+basic+web+pages+and+which+are+++often+provided+free+%28e.g.+Netscape+Composer%2C+FrontPage%29.+Because+most+++of+the+functions+are+similar+to+those+found+on+word+processing+software+++packages%2C+they+are+very+user-friendly+and+therefore%2C+relatively+easy++and++fun+to+use.++++%0D%0AFor+the+more+able+and+ambitious+students+%28and+teachers%29%2C+an+alternative+++is+to+use+HTML+%28Hypertext+Mark-up+Language%29%2C+the+actual+computer+++language+that+most+web+pages+are+based+on.+The+advantages+are+that+it+++gives+the+user+a+better+understanding+of+how+a+web+page+works%2C+and+++allows+greater+control+over+how+the+web+page+looks.+In+addition%2C+pages+++written+directly+in+HTML+typically+use+less+HTML+codes%2C+and+so+load+more+++quickly.+This+may+become+an+important+factor+if+you+are+planning+to+++publish+a+sizeable+web+site.++++%0D%0AFortunately%2C+for+the+less+technically+enthused+students+%28and+teachers%29+++the+advantages+of+learning+and+using+HTML+codes+are+likely+to+become+++less+distinct+as+web+page+editing+software+continues+to+improve.++++%0D%0AIf+the+stages+above+are+adequately+covered%2C+students+should+then+be+++ready+to+carry+out+a+web+page-designing+task%2C+either+individually+or+++collaboratively.+The+following+are+a+number+of+useful+steps+adapted+from+++work+by+Muehleisen+%281997%29%2C+which+can+be+used+to+help+structure+project+++tasks+successfully.++++%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Col%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3EDecide+whether+students+are+to+work+individually+or+in+groups%2C+and++if+the+latter%2C+what+size+the+groups+should+be.+++%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3EDecide+a+topic%3B+related+either+to+class+work+or+the+students+own+++interests.+As+Breen+%281987%29+points+out%2C+for+successful+tasks%2C+it+is+++important+to+have+a+clear+objective%2C+and+a+range+of+possible+outcomes.+++At+this+stage%2C+decisions+on+the+format+of+the+pages+are+also+important%2C+++and+will+depend+on+factors+such+as+students%27+English+level+%28lower++levels++using+more+graphics%2C+and+less+text%29%2C+and+computer+experience.+++%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3EDecide+on+the+target+audience%3A+e.g.+for+other+students+or+groups++in++their+school+or+University%2C+people+outside+the+country+they+are+in%2C++or++for+people+with+general+or+special+interests%3F+++%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3ELook+for+related+pages.+This+will+give+the+teacher+an+idea+how++much++support+and+guidance+the+students+are+likely+to+need+researching++their++topic.+++%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3EGet+the+students+to+focus+on+Web+page+design.+This+can+be+done+++through+tasks+that+involve+browsing+and+evaluating+a+variety+of+pages+++which+could+include+pages+published+by+other+students.+For+example%2C+at+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyoto-su.ac.jp%2Finformation%2Ffamous%2F%2F%22+target%3D%22_blank%22%3Ehttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyoto-su.ac.jp%2Finformation%2Ffamous%2F%3C%2Fa%3E+++there+is+the+Famous+Personages+in+Japan+site+made+by+students+of++Sangyo++University.+Examples+of+other+awareness+building+activities+can++be+seen++in+appendix+I.+Basic+requirements+of+a+good+web+page+are+that++it+is++useful%2C+interesting+or+fun%2C+easy+to+use+%28uncluttered+and+easy+to+++navigate%29%2C+and+fast+to+download.+++%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fol%3E%0D%0A%0D%0AFinally%2C+with+these+points+in+mind%2C+it+is+also+important+not+to+neglect+++the+more+fundamental+pedagogic+ideas.+In+this+context+the+teacher++should++ensure+that+any+project%2C+rather+than+an+appendage%2C+is+an++integral+part++of+the+syllabus+%28Fox%2C+1998%29.++++%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22chapter%22%3E%0D%0A++++%3Ch3%3E%0D%0AAdvantages+and+disadvantages+for+the+EFL+classroom%3C%2Fh3%3E%0D%0AAn++in+depth+article+that+considers+the+theoretical+implications+of+++computer-mediated+collaborative+language+learning%2C+Warschauer+%281997%29+++points+out+that%2C+rather+than+research+studies%2C+most+work+in+this+area+is+++based+on+teachers%27+personal+evaluations.+Because+this+is+true+for+most+++of+the+work+that+follows%2C+it+should+be+regarded+with+some+caution.+++Although+such+evaluations+are+valuable%2C+much+still+needs+to+be+learnt+++about+using+computers+in+the+classroom+and+their+relative+effectiveness+++at+helping+to+develop+students%27+communicative+skills.++++%0D%0AMany+writers+advocate+the+use+of+the+Internet+for+EFL+because+of+the+++inherent+authenticity+of+its+use.+The+Web+offers+authentic+information+++%28e.g.+current+news+and+weather%2C+prices+of+goods%2C+travel+timetables%29+++which+can+be+used+for+collaborative+ELT+tasks%2C+and+by+offering+a+diverse+++and+almost+limitless+source+of+authentic+texts+that+cover+a+wide+range+++of+topics%2C+it+also+has+great+potential+for+content-based+materials.+++++%0D%0AAs+Singhal+%281997%29+observes%2C+the+Internet+allows+students+to+use+English+++in+an+%22authentic+setting%22+and+%22promotes+literacy+for+authentic+++purposes%22.+Although+a+task+is+inevitably+contrived%2C+if+collaboration+is+++needed+to+complete+it%2C+then+genuine+communication+will+take+place.+++Ideally%2C+if+collaboration+is+between+students+from+different+classes+or+++even+different+countries+then+the+use+of+E-mail+will+necessitate+an+++authentic+use+of+communicative+skills.+In+addition%2C+and+as+with+++web-based+publishing%2C+the+students+are+provided+with+a+%27real+audience%27+++%28Bicknell%2C+1997%29+which+is+often+recognised+as+a+successful+technique+to+++motivate+students+with+their+writing.++++%0D%0AMany+claims+are+also+made+about+the+motivational+aspects+of+using+the+++Internet.+Lee+%282000%29%2C+for+example%2C+while+considering+the+motivational+++aspects+of+tasks+that+involve+the+Internet%2C+describes+creating+and+++publishing+web+pages+as+a+task+that+is+%22one+of+the+most+potentially+++valuable+and+energising%22+%28Lee%2C+2000%29++++%0D%0AMuehleisen+%281997%29+is+more+specific+and+points+to+the+%27intrinsic%27+++%28Harmer%2C+1991%29+motivation+which+comes+from+wanting+to+be+part+of+the+++Internet+%27boom%27%2C+and+from+the+realisation+that+the+skills+learnt+will+++become+useful%2C+if+not+essential%2C+in+the+future.++++%0D%0AThe+experimental+and+goal-orientated+nature+of+such+collaborative+++projects+involve+tasks+such+as+deciding+with+a+partner+where+to+place+a+++picture+on+a+page+being+constructed%2C+or+browsing%2C+which+requires+active+++choices+of+where+to+search+next.+These+are+claimed+to+help+promote+++higher+order+thinking+skills+%28Mike%2C+1996%29%2Cwhich+include+reviewing%2C+++scanning%2C+selecting+and+negotiating%2C+and+particularly+important+for+EFL+++students+doing+further+studies+in+other+disciplines%2C+research+and+++rhetorical+skills+that+may+be+developed.++++%0D%0AFurthermore%2C+Warschauer+%281997%29+points+out+that+these+skills+encompass++%27situated+learning%27%3A+that+which+allows+students%3A++++%0D%0A%22to+carry+out+meaningful+tasks%2C+and+solve+meaningful+problems%2C+in+an+++environment+that+reflects+their+own+personal+interests+as+well+as+the+++multiple+purposes+to+which+their+knowledge+will+be+put+in+the+future%22+++%28Collins%2C+Brown%2C+%26amp%3B+Newman%2C+1989%3A487%29++++%0D%0AIndeed%2C+with+the+goal+of+designing+and+publishing+web+pages%2C+students+++can+actively+make+use+of+new+technologies%2C+skills%2C+and+knowledge.+++Warschauer+%281997%29+also+acknowledges+this%2C+and+highlights+the+view+of+++Cummins+%26amp%3B+Sayer%27s+%281990%3B+1995%29+that+many+skills%2C+in+particular%2C+++those+which+are+involved+in+collaboratively+accessing+and+interpreting+++world-wide+information%2C+and+with+peoples+from+different+cultures%2C+will+++be+critical+for+success+in+the+21st+century.++++%0D%0AThe+Internet+has+become+an+ideal+medium+for+EFL+students+to+easily+++present+creative+works%2C+and%2C+in+the+form+of+research+projects%2C+motivates+++them+to+extend+their+knowledge+and+demonstrate+their+understanding+of+++class+topics.+Whereas+the+Internet+was+once+exclusively+for+the+++technically+%27elite%27%2C+the+range+of+freeware+now+available+is+making+the+++relatively+sophisticated+%27creative%27+use+of+the+Internet+possible+for+++everyone+with+the+necessary+hardware.+As+mentioned+earlier%2C+free+page+++editing+software+is+becoming+increasingly+powerful+and+user-friendly%2C+++and+this+reduces+the+need+for+students+to+learn+the+more+complicated+++HTML+machine+code.++++%0D%0AWeb+Whacker%2C%28at+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluesquirrel.com%2Fproducts%2Fwhacker%2Fwhacker.html%22+target%3D%22_blank%22%3Ehttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluesquirrel.com%2Fproducts%2Fwhacker%2Fwhacker.html%3C%2Fa%3E%29+++which+allows+the+user+to+download+external+web+sites+for+local+access+++and+browsing%2C+is+another+software+programme+that+can+offer+many+++applications+for+Internet+support+and+training.++++%0D%0APublishing+work+is+also+becoming+cheaper+and+easier+with%2C+for+example%2C++sites+such+as+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2F%22+target%3D%22_blank%22%3Ehttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%3C%2Fa%3E%2C++and+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freecitywebpages.com%2F%2F%22+target%3D%22_blank%22%3Ehttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.freecitywebpages.com%2F%3C%2Fa%3E++that+offer+free+services+for+posting+web+sites.++++%0D%0AUsing+E-mail+as+part+of+a+project+can+also+provide+important+benefits+++for+the+students.+Because+it+can+facilitate+asynchronous+%28rather+than+++synchronous%29+online+collaboration%2C+it+has+been+shown+in+a+study+by+Wang+++%281993%29+to+allow+more+reflection+and+analysis.+This+can+help+minimise+++%27communicative+stress%27%2C+which+Brown+%26amp%3B+Yule+%281983%3A34%29+lists+as+a+++major+factor+for+creating+optimum+communicative+learning+conditions.+A+++further+benefit+associated+with+online+communication+is+that+it+can+++expand+the+students%27+ability+to+communicate+in+the+target+language+++beyond+class+times.++++%0D%0AAll+these+points+commonly+demonstrate+the+nature+of+Internet+based+++material+to+be+task+based+and+therefore%2C+essentially+learner+centred+and+++interactive.+However%2C+there+are+some+important+obstacles%2C+which+if+not+++accounted+for%2C+may+seriously+limit+the+benefits+that+have+been+++highlighted.++++%0D%0ADespite+the+huge+potential+the+information+on+the+Internet+can+offer%2C+it+++is+not+provided+without+its+problems.+Ironically%2C+the+freedom+and+ease+++of+using+and+contributing+to+the+Internet%2C+and+shown+earlier+to++provide++important+benefits%2C+is+also+the+cause+of+one+of+the+Internet%27s++most++serious+limitations.+The+current+freedom+of+expression%2C+combined++with++very+limited+accountability%2C+means+that+there+is+no+means+to++validate++the+information+available.+In+addition%2C+the+accessing+of++information%2C++can+itself%2C+be+difficult+because+search+tools+are+still++relatively++crude%2C+Web+pages+and+links+are+unpredictable+and+unstable%2C++and+technical++support+is+invariably+limited.++++%0D%0ATo+minimise+these+problems%2C+teachers+should+therefore+develop+the+skills+++and+knowledge+so+that+they+are+able+to+provide+some+technical+support+++themselves.+This+also+applies+to+the+continuous+inflow+of+new+jargon%2C+++which+may+include+technical+terms%2C+acronyms%2C+and+abbreviations%2C+which+++both+teachers+and+students+will+need+to+deal+with.++++%0D%0ATeachers+will+need+to+consider+the+students%27+technical+skills+and+++experience%2C+which+may+cause+an+otherwise+carefully+streamed+language+++class%2C+to+become+divided+in+terms+of+the+overall+abilities+of+the+++students.+While+it+is+important+to+ensure+that+tasks+make+it+necessary+++for+the+weaker+learners+to+actually+practise+and+learn+the+technical+++skills%2C+to+help+compensate+for+the+differences+in+abilities%2C%2C+the+++teacher+should+try+and+group+the+students+in+a+way+that+encourages+peer+++support+so+that+weaker+students+do+not+get+left+out%2C+and+fall+behind+in+++the+tasks.++++%0D%0AThe+amount+of+time+students+have+to+use+computers%2C+either+inside+or+++outside+the+class%2C+is+also+important.+If+a+student+is+expected+to+++complete+a+Web-design+project+successfully%2C+they+will+have+needed+a+++certain+amount+of+time+using+the+Internet.+Many+of+the+activities%2C+once+++demonstrated%2C+will+therefore+need+to+be+practised+in+order+to+be+++properly+learned.++++%0D%0AFinally%2C+although+the+Internet+itself+may+appear+free%2C+the+cost+of+++supplying+the+necessary+hardware+to+access+it%2C+and+the+telephone+and+++provider+charges%2C+all+need+to+be+considered%2C+and+may+become+limiting+++factor+in+the+providing+adequate+availability+of+services.++++%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22chapter%22%3E%0D%0A++++%3Ch3%3E%0D%0AA+Web-design+project+at+a+Japanese+university%3C%2Fh3%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22paragraph%22%3E%0D%0A+++++%3Ch4%3E%0D%0ABackground%3C%2Fh4%3E%0D%0AThis++project+was+carried+with+four+CALL+classes+at+a+Japanese++university.++All+the+students+were+first+years+doing+their+second+term+of++the++course.+All+the+classes+were+compulsory%2C+and+therefore%2C+had+larger+++student+numbers+and+a+fixed+syllabus.+The+aim+of+this+type+of+class+is+++to+teach+students%2C+through+the+medium+of+English%2C+the+basics+of+using+++computers.+At+the+same+time%2C+the+computers+are+used+as+a+tool+to+provide+++opportunities+and+motivation+for+the+students+to+improve+their+English+++skills.+Each+class+is+run+by+an+English+speaking+teacher+%28either+a+++native+English+speaker+or+Japanese%29%2C+and+a+student+assistant%2C+who+has+++had+training+in+all+the+workings+of+the+classroom+computer+facilities.+++The+term%27s+course+is+14+weeks+long%2C+and+meets+once+a+week+for+90+++minutes.+++++%0D%0AIn+the+first+term%2C+students+had+become+familiar+with+file+management+++skills%2C+text+editing+and+formatting%2C+E-mail%2C+browsing+the+Internet%2C+++book-marking%2C+and+copying+and+using+pictures+and+photographs+from+the+++Internet.++This+ensured+they+all+had+reached+a+level+of+computer+++literacy+that+would+allow+them+to+carry+out+a+Web-design+project.+++++%0D%0AAt+the+beginning+of+the+second+term%2C+the+students+were+introduced+to+the+++freeware+web+page+editor%2C+Netscape+Composer.+This+was+chosen+simply+++because+Netscape+is+the+browser+used+by+the+university+computers.++The+++different+functions+they+would+need+were+introduced+one+at+a+time%2C+by+++demonstrations+that+were+relayed+to+each+students+monitor.+The+students+++were+instructed+to+watch%2C+take+notes%2C+and+then+practise+each+skill+in+++turn%2C+with+the+aim+of+minimising+the+input+load+and+ensuring+that+the+++students+were+able+to+fully+understand+the+necessary+functions+of+++Composer.+In+order%2C+the+functions+included%3B+text+formatting%2C+selecting+++suitable+backgrounds+%28including+downloaded+patterns+and+colours+of+their+++choice%29%2C+using+tables%2C+and+finally%2C+creating+links.+This+was+spread+++over+two+classes+to+ensure+that+weaker+students+were+able+to+keep+up%2C+++and+students+that+may+have+been+absent%2C+the+chance+to+catch+up.+++++%0D%0AIn+preparation+for+the+project%2C+the+students+were+put+into+groups+of+4+++or+5.+However%2C+because+the+classes+were+monolingual%2C+the+potential+for+++L2+communication+within+the+class+was+limited%2C+with+students+naturally+++reverting+to+their+L1.+This+is+particularly+true+for+university+classes+++where+the+intrinsic+motivation+will+often+be+lower+than+with+fee+paying+++private+language+classes.+Furthermore%2C+because+the+sizes+of+university+++classes+are+often+large%2C+monitoring+students+can+be+more+difficult.++++++%0D%0ATo+encourage+more+collaboration+in+English%2C+groups+were+made+up+of+++students+from+two+different+classes%2C+with+E-mail+as+their+only+means+of+++communication.+For+additional+%27encouragement%27+to+use+English%2C+they+were+++told+to+keep+a+record+of+all+e-mail+messages+for+review.+++++%0D%0AIn+order+to+get+students+thinking+about+what+makes+a+good+web+page+++design%2C+and+the+points+the+teacher+would+be+considering+while+grading+++the+assignments+a+few+matching+tasks+%28appendix+I%29+were+then+given.+++++%0D%0AFinally%2C+details+%28appendix+II%29+of+the+main+project+task%2C+which+would+++last+6+weeks%2C+were+handed+out+and+explained.+The+aim+of+the+project+was+++for+the+students+to+produce+a+collaborative+web+site+that+introduces+++each+member+of+the+group%2C+and+presents+their+research+on+a+topic+of+++their+choice%2C+but+from+the+book+%27Introductory+Topics%27%28Sophia+%26amp%3B+++Frazier%2C+1994%29.+This+was+chosen+because+it+gave+the+students+the+chance+++to+work+on+a+topic+that+they+had+recently+covered.+The+same+book+was+++being+used+in+another+English+course+that+runs+concurrently+with+the+++CALL+course.+++++%0D%0AFor+feedback%2C+a+questionnaire+%28appendix+III%29+was+given+out+after+the+++projects+had+been+completed.+Because+of+the+large+class+sizes%2C+in+++addition+to+observations+in+the+classes%2C+I+felt+that+a+questionnaire+was+++the+most+feasible+method+of+getting+the+students+general+thoughts+++towards+the+project.+++++%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22paragraph%22%3E%0D%0A+++++%3Ch4%3E%0D%0AObservations%3C%2Fh4%3E%0D%0AIntroducing+the++students+to+the+workings+of+Composer+was+relatively++straightforward++because+of+the+structured+way+in+which+it+was+done.+The++students+seemed++to+do+well%2C+because+the+tasks%2C+by+being+structured%2C++closely+resembled++what+most+students+would+have+already+experienced+at++the+schools+in++Japan%2C+which+largely%2C+still+maintain+the+traditional++teacher+student++roles+whereby+the+students+passively+receive+and+learn++streams+of++information.+++++%0D%0AHowever%2C+this+may+also+have+contributed+to+a+lack+of+organisation+and+++initiative+shown+by+the+students+towards+working+with+group+members%2C+++particularly+those+from+another+class.+This+became+a+significant+problem+++that+caused+many+delays+with%2C+for+example%2C+students+passively+waiting+++for+replies%2C+rather+than+getting+on+with+other+tasks%2C+or+sending++further++messages+explaining+contingency+plans+should+they+not+receive+a++quick++reply.+++++%0D%0AThe+input+for+the+students+which+focused+on+design+issues%2C+and+was+based+++on+discovery+technique%2C+did+not+work+well.+Students%27+answers+indicated+++that+they+had+not+made+an+effort+to+think+about+the+questions%2C+or+were+++not+able+to+grasp+the+meanings+as+well+as+I+had+anticipated.+++++%0D%0AAlthough+the+students+used+English+throughout+the+project%2C+this+was+++mostly+limited+to+E-mails%2C+browsing+the+Internet%2C+writing+text+for+their+++web+pages%2C+or+asking+me+questions.+Most+verbal+interaction+between+the+++students+was+however%2C+in+Japanese.+Furthermore%2C+although+students+had+++been+instructed+to+use+English+based+sites%2C+on+more+that+a+few+++occasions%2C+they+were+found+to+be+browsing+Japanese+sites.+Despite+the+++earlier+positive+comments+about+the+motivational+aspects+of+using+the+++Internet%2C+this+suggests+a+lack+of+general+motivation+towards+English+++which+many+university+students+often+demonstrate%2C+particularly+when+the+++classes+are+compulsory.+++++%0D%0ADespite+the+problems+that+were+encountered%2C+the+final+results+were+++generally+positive.+Many+of+the+web+sites+were+well+put+together+and+the+++majority+of+the+students+had+clearly+put+in+a+lot+of+effort+into+what+++they+that+been+doing.+Also%2C+as+the+deadline+approached+there+was+a+++marked+increase+in+collaboration+and+peer+teaching.+Although+E-mail+++activity+dropped+sharply+after+initial+exchanges%2C+it+significantly+++increased+during+the+last+few+weeks+of+the+project.+++++%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22paragraph%22%3E%0D%0A+++++%3Ch4%3E%0D%0AFindings%3C%2Fh4%3E%0D%0AFrom+the+classes+I++was+teaching%2C+I+received+68+completed+questionnaires.++The+answers+were++totalled%2C+and+then+converted+into+a+percentage+%28see++appendix+IV+for+the++final+figures%29.+However%2C+it+should+be+noted+that++because+some+sections++allow+for+more+than+one+answer%2C+the+combined++percentages+might+be++greater+than+a+hundred.+++++%0D%0AAnswers+to+the+first+two+parts+of+the+questionnaire+show+that+the+++majority+%2865%25%29+of+the+students+sometimes+use+computers+other+than+for+++university+classes.+However%2C+it+also+confirmed+that+most+students+%2882%25%29+++had+never+made+a+web+page+before.+Ideally%2C+these+questions+should+be+++part+of+a+pre-course+needs+analysis%2C+but+as+mentioned+earlier%2C+a+prudent+++approach+was+taken+that+assumed+minimal+experience+from+the+students.+++Although+each+course+should+be+assessed+on+the+basis+of+its+own+++particular+circumstances%2C+for+university+classes+in+Japan%2C+it+can+be+++difficult+to+carry+out+effective+needs+analysis+with+large+and+++non-elective+%28compulsory%29+courses.+++++%0D%0AQuestions+three%2C+four%2C+and+five+were+designed+to+see+how+the+students+++actually+found+the+tasks.+Although+the+majority+of+students+%2851%25%29+only+++found+the+tasks+%22a+little+difficult%22%2C+a+significant+number+%2841%25%29+said+++that+working+with+members+from+another+class+was+%22too+difficult%22.++From+++class+observations%2C+the+main+factors+for+this+seemed+to+be+slow+or+even+++no+replies+from+their+partners%2C+combined+with+the+time+constraints+of+++the+project.+In+addition+however%2C+a+combined+average+of+38%25+thought++that++working+with+others+was+%22interesting%22++and+16%25%2C+even+%22fun%22.+++++%0D%0AThe+remaining+questions+were+again+more+suitable+for+an+initial+needs+++analysis.+However%2C+they+were+included+as+part+of+the+post-course+++feedback++I+needed+for+my+work+towards+this+paper.+The+results+show+that+++the+majority+of+students+had+never+used+HTML+%2875%25%29%2C+and+indeed%2C+had++not++heard+of+it+%2859%25%29.+Almost+half+however+said+they+would+like+to++learn++how+to+use+it+to+make+more+sophisticated+web+pages.+These+results++need++to+be+clarified+before+any+conclusions+about+their+significant++can+be++made.+Possible+explanations+include+a+genuine+interest+in++learning+HTML%2C++or+that+they+would+like+to+do+more+work+with+web+pages++per+se.+++++%0D%0AHalf+the+students+also+said+that+they+thought+learning+how+to+make+web+++pages+was+%22useful%22+or+even+%22very+useful%22%2C+and+43%25+thought+that+it+%22may+++be+useful%22.++These+results+seem+to+show+the+high+levels+of+motivation+++associated+with+web+based+material.+++++%0D%0AFor+the+final+section%2C+students+identified+%22using+English%22+as+the+++greatest+problem+during+the+project%2C+which+may+reflect+the+fact+that+++they+had+not+chosen+to+study+English.+Because+the+course+is+a+compulsory+++part+of+their+majors+%28mostly+business+or+economics%29%2C+English+is+not+++their+speciality%2C+and+is+therefore+at+a+relatively+low+level.+The+other+++significant+problems+came+from+difficulties+in+finding+information%2C+and+++of+learning+how+to+use+Netscape+Composer.+The+former+may+be+partly+due+++to+experience%2C+but+also+because+of+difficulties+with+having+to+use+++English.+++++%0D%0AWith+regard+to+collecting+feedback%2C+the+set+nature+of+the+course+++schedule+dictated+that+the+projects+run+at+least+up+to+if+not+beyond+the+++Christmas+period.+Consequently%2C+other+than+the+questionnaire%2C+there++was++little+time+to+collect+adequate+feedback+from+the+students.++Ideally%2C+I++would+have+hoped+to+find+out+more+details+as+to+why+the++students++answered+as+they+did.+Particular+areas+I+would+like+to+have++focused+on%2C++would+have+been+to+clarify+why+they+found+working+with++others+too++difficult%2C+and+why+the+project+was+interesting+for+them%2C+and++why+they++would%2C+or+would+not%2C+like+to+learn+HTML.+The+additional++information++could+then+be+used+as+a+basis+for+designing+the+next+web++design+project.+++++%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22chapter%22%3E%0D%0A++++%3Ch3%3E%0D%0AConclusion%3C%2Fh3%3E%0D%0AThe+problems++that+students+had+working+with+group+members+from+another++class+seemed++to+result+from+the+timing+between+the+different+classes++schedules%2C+and++because+the+students+simply+were+not+used+to+working+and++collaborating++to+such+a+level.+For+future+projects+I+will+set+up+the++groups+and++partnerships+at+the+very+start+of+the+course%2C+and+give+minor+++pre-project+collaborative+tasks+in+order+to+sensitise+the+students+to+++collaborative+work%2C+and+to+the+sending+and+replying+of+messages.++++%0D%0AEarlier+the+advantages+of+introducing+HTML+into+the+class+were+++considered.+The+feedback+questions+regarding+the+use+of+HTML%2C+were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