Kamis, 01 Desember 2011

Web-based ESL courses: A search for industry standards

Web-based ESL courses: A search for industry standards
  • ISSN 1442-438X
  • CALL-EJ Online
  • Vol. 2, No. 1, 2000 June

  • Mike Smith & Urai Sal
  • Horwood Language Centre, The University of Melbourne, Australia
Abstract
This paper considers the criteria that should be used when assessing an online language school. So far, there have been very few, if any, discussions of online language schools in the CALL literature. There is a considerable body of research into the influence of technology on open learning and distance education . None of this, however, addresses the problem that faces a potential learner when they first investigate an online school.
Specifically, this paper proposes a framework for evaluating online webschool sites. It discusses a number of these sites in the light of the proposed framework, and then goes on to describe the authors' attempts to enrol into a number of them. The paper concludes by looking at the potential problems facing the schools and their students, and concludes that the concept of cyberschooling is still at too early a stage in its development to fulfil the promise it appears to hold.
Introduction
A recent newspaper article in the Melbourne newspaper, The Age (7 Aug. 1999) entitled ‘Teaching by the minute’, outlined an initiative by the Australian State Government of Victoria to provide online tutorial support for year 12 students in a range of subjects. Victoria's Education Department has entered into an agreement with a private company to set up a website that links students to a range of teachers, each accessible by email, and each ready to provide one-to-one online support for students needing help with their assessment tasks. (The url for this company is http://www.Worldschool.com/).
This is a clear indication that mainstream education is beginning to recognise the viability of real-time online teaching, and that web-based delivery of some forms of education are gaining a legitimacy that would have been unthinkable even a few years ago. It also indicates that a significant sector of the education industry considers web-based delivery to be cost-effective.
The growing legitimisation of web-based education coincides with a growth in the number of websites that claim to be ‘virtual’ English language learning centres. Some of these ‘virtual’ schools are free, but an increasing number of them demand payment for enrolment. Many of them claim to be a viable alternative to face-to-face teaching for students who cannot or will not attend more traditional language classes. However, a lack of consistent educational standards can make a student's choice of a ‘cyberschool’ a somewhat hit-and-miss affair.
As web-based learning becomes more acceptable within the wider community, and the number of cyberschools increases, it will be necessary for teachers and learners to have a set of criteria that will enable them to evaluate these cyberschools. This paper investigates a number of cyberschools currently available on the Web and attempts to provide some initial discussion on what these criteria might be.
Background
While a number of investigations have been published exploring the influence of technology on the provision of open learning and distance education , and while many of these studies discuss the advantages and disadvantages of online delivery (see, for instance, Tella 1996), none of them address the problem that faces a potential learner when they first investigate an online school.
There appear to be very few discussions of online language schools as such in the literature. The ‘schools’ are of course a manifestation of distance learning and so it may be useful to examine them in the context of distance education. Sussex argues that there are strong links between distance learning and open learning, and describes the major features of both forms of learning thus:
both distance education and open-access learning involve high levels of student control and direction … And both, if well designed and delivered, allow students to learn in ways that make reduced demands on a scarce human resource.(Sussex
Sussex goes on to describe how in the previous decade an increasing number of institutions had begun offering undergraduate language courses in the distance mode.
A framework for evaluation
Sandery outlines a number of positives and negatives for open learning which are particularly valuable starting points for an examination of cyberschool sites:
On the positive side:
  • open learning focuses on students and on learning outcomes for students rather than inputs, institutional structures and teachers;
  • an open learning approach makes the quality of courseware and student support structures highly visible to a wide audience;
  • an open learning approach requires that assessment requirements be explicit before a course is commenced;

On the cautionary side:
  • most people need and want contact with other people as part of their learning experiences;
  • some externally set deadlines and other structures may improve the learning outcomes for most students;
  • open learning approaches require study and other skills that are usually acquired in more structured learning environments and hence may be more applicable to mature students;
  • courseware development and delivery systems may require substantial ‘up front’ investment;

Methodology
We based our investigations on Sandery's points, and set out to discover how many of the sites exploited the positives and attempted to cope actively with the negatives. In our evaluation of the sites we looked for the following;
  • a clearly defined syllabus and teaching approach;
  • the range and levels of learning materials offered;
  • evidence of instruments for student assessment;
  • the ability to access a teacher when required;
  • the quality of teaching materials including the design of teaching materials, adequate variety and sufficient workload for the type of program offered;
  • the existence of any form of face-to-face teaching;
  • the nature of help available for students (not only for ways to learn, but also what to do with the task in hand);
  • value for money, which included educationally effective materials and an adequate quantity of materials;
  • an indication of the length of the course.

Our investigations were in three stages: (1) identify a number of suitable cyberschools; (2) assess them according to the set of common criteria based on the list above; and 3) enrol into a number of the cyberschools to assess their viability as learning resources.
The cyberschools
The sites we investigated were mainly taken from a list to be found on the Dave's ESL Caf_ website , but we also included other sites that we came across on the Web that seemed relevant to our investigation. Not all of the sites on the ESL Cafe site were relevant or appropriate: some were advertisements for traditional language schools, and some were part of tertiary credit courses and closed to the general public. The number of sites at the Dave's ESL Cafe website that were relevant to our research were, therefore, somewhat reduced.
The assessment
Following the classification outlined above, we carried out an evaluation of the sites according to the following criteria:
  • The site's country of origin. This is likely to influence the kind of English it teaches. If a student wants to learn British English (seen by many cultures as the most desirable form of English), the potential student is more likely to go to a UK site than one in the US;
  • The equipment that a student would need. The more complex the equipment, the greater the potential overall cost of enrolment, which is likely to affect the kind of student capable of enrolling;
  • Access to a ‘real’ teacher online. This is a good indication of the level of individualised instruction available;
  • The length of the courses, and where possible the number of lessons a week. This affects the overall value of the program: the more hours offered, the cheaper the program should be;
  • What its syllabus is and whether or not it has a teaching philosophy. This should be an indication of the level of professionalism of the teachers behind the web pages, particularly if the site expects students to enrol into a course of a defined length;
  • The type of instruction offered: for example if there is a business English option, or if it concentrates mainly on writing skills;
  • The cost.

Enrolment
Urai, the ‘learner’ in our team, intended first to enrol into a number of free sites, and then into several fee-paying sites. As will be explained below, the second stage of the enrolment activities was not carried out.
Findings
Cyber schools
The schools we investigated are presented in Table 1. Broadly speaking, the websites in Table 1 can be divided into four types:
Pages from college or university courses
There were number of these on the Dave's ESL Caf_ site, some requiring a college student number before they could be accessed. The ones that are accessible to the general public are included in Table 1 (8, 9, 14, 15) (the numbers in brackets in the rest of this paper refer to the entries in Table 1). They range from colleges in the US to universities in Japan, and include a teacher-training course that takes the form of an interchange between teacher trainees in the US and ESL learners in Israel. These are interesting only to the extent that they underline the trend elsewhere for sites that consist of a range of self-access materials with a teacher available in the background, to be called on when help is required. If one of these sites is open to the general public, it is usually because the outside students are being used for some form of research. A good example is Number 34, whose introductory pages contain the following explanation:
The purpose of the project is to explore and expand the educational potential of Internet by offering free online instruction by volunteer teachers to students from all over the world, in order, in part, to facilitate the learning of English by students who might otherwise not have access to, or resources for, ‘real world’ and/or paying classes; and in part to identify:
  • the advantages and disadvantages of online education as compared to traditional in-class education, and
  • the optimal methods for instruction and learning within the online environment.

One cannot help wondering how many students there are worldwide who ‘do not have access to, or resources for, real world and/or paying classes’, but do have access to a computer, an Internet service provider and a phone line.
Sites delivering content
Virtually every site in this category calls itself an online English course. This group of sites, however, provides little if any interaction between student and software, and none at all between student and teacher. Most of these sites contain lists of information on traditional English courses (see 7, 24), and provide a small number of language exercises. An example of this category is The Internet Mini-Course, maintained by Helen Hoyt Schmidt (31). The website contains a set of definitions and explanations about the course Schmidt is involved with, a number of simple English tests, and a sample lesson or two. For reading comprehension exercises the site typically provides a reading text and some comprehension questions which students must print out and work with offline. This would be a useful resource for teachers in a traditional classroom, but not for students working on their own, as there appear to be no opportunities for having their work corrected.
Interactive pages without teacher — student communication
In this category are a number of sites containing interactive learning material such as tests and quizzes (11, 13, 24, 30). Interactive material allows users/students to type input into an on-screen task and receive immediate feedback. An example of this is Guide to Grammar and Writing (32), which is a comprehensive reference to grammar and writing. Each learning module is followed by interactive language exercises and quizzes. By working through these, students can test their understanding of the learning modules previously provided by the teachers. Since this website has a number of JavaScript routines embedded in it, students can get immediate feedback on their work.
Even though there is no active communication between the teacher and the students on these sites, students can sometimes get forms of feedback that are quite sophisticated, even to the extent of being told why what they've done is wrong and what they need to revisit in a particular learning module.
Full-blown virtual school
The schools in this category are similar to each other in that they offer ongoing tuition which includes a facility to interact with a teacher and (usually) with other enrolled students via a chat-room or real-time online communication.
They do, however, differ considerably from each other in a number of ways. Some are free (such as 24 or 31), while others debit a monthly fee from each student's credit card until told to stop (16). Some offer a range of languages apart from English; some provide regular weekly or monthly teaching materials year-round (16, 19, 22, 24, 31, 33, 35), while others have discrete ‘terms’ and expect students to log into online tutorials using audio and video software (the most advanced of these is probably Number 5 in Table 1).Some are technically quite demanding: they expect students to have a fast computer with an audio card and a video camera (5, 20).
These schools are discussed at greater length in the next section.
Enrolment
It is not as easy to enrol into these sites as one would at first think. Urai Salam, our ‘learner’, attempted to enrol into a number of these, with varying success. In fact only two responded, and only one ever began sending learning materials. In the light of this experience, we decided not to enrol into any of the cyberschools that required a cash payment: we had a growing fear that the ones requiring payment might take our money and never respond.
Two online courses we tried to enrol into were very slow in responding. English for the Internet (34), for example, claims to offer comprehensive learning modules: English for business, English for special purposes, TOEFL preparation, Chatroom, and real time classes where students around the world log in at a scheduled time to have a ‘class’ using free demo versions of virtual reality software that they have been told to download from the Web. When we subscribed to this course, it took two weeks before we got a (computerised) response apologising for the delay and promising to contact us as soon as possible. After two months of waiting, we were yet to ‘enrol’, and at the time of writing, there had still been no response. We had a similar experience with Online English_English as International Language of Understanding (35). Despite displaying a set of very promising web pages, nobody appeared to be home. The only site we were finally able to enrol into was English by E-mail maintained by Elek Mathe (33). When we subscribed to this course, the welcome email contained the following paragraph:
You'll get lessons every week; sometimes only two, sometimes maybe four or five. It depends on how much time I have. The answers will be posted a few days after the lessons. In a 14-day period we received 12 lessons, six exercises and six answers (see Appendix A for an extract from one of the emails that we received). Usually the teacher sent exercises (vocabulary, reading, grammar) on one day, and on the next day sent the answers to the previous exercises. The lessons we received from English by E-mail consisted of question-and-answer language sessions: no explanation, no discussion. Initially we wondered why Mr Mathe was offering such a free service, until the emails begin to arrive, containing quite a lot of advertising (see Appendix A).
Discussion
The schools
By far the largest group in the survey were the full-blown virtual schools. They are perhaps best described in terms of the following criteria:
  1. Does the school charge a fee for enrolment, or are the courses free?
  2. How much teaching material does the school provide?

This is usually linked to whether the school is free or not. Some sites offer a lesson a week, or a lesson whenever the teacher feels like posting one (see the email extract below), while others provide a complex set of tasks that require students to be working online for a number of hours a week (see, for example, 23).

  1. How much technical equipment and know-how is needed by the student?

Most do not specify equipment requirements, which presumably means that a web browser is enough. Others, however, encourage students to utilise video and audio facilities linked to their computer. Clearly, the more complex the setup, the more advanced a student's computer literacy needs to be.

  1. How do the schools organise their teaching programs?

Some schools run ‘terms’ starting on specific days and running for a fixed number of weeks; some are continuous, offering materials whenever a student wants them; some require online attendance at specific times and on specific days.
The majority of the schools we investigated offer a ‘course’ of lessons followed by feedback from the teacher (8, 10, 11, 16, 17, 19, 29). Some of them offer a ‘conferencing centre’ which is in essence an email listserver that students can use either for messages to each other or for the teacher to communicate to the students (24, 26, 30). The most ambitious schools attempt to recreate the college atmosphere by offering semester-long courses and encourage students to have a video camera and an audio link to the teacher and to the rest of the ‘class’ using Microsoft's NetMeeting software (5, 20, 22, 23, 28).
There are a surprising number of blank squares in our table — most worrying perhaps are the ones in the ‘Cost’ column. We found none with a formal syllabus posted on their site. One, Number 28, based its courses round a published textbook, which could be seen as a form of syllabus. Few even attempt to indicate that they follow a particular a teaching philosophy. It is possible that we may have missed some of the information when we searched the sites; however, if we were capable of missing them then it is most likely that potential students will miss them too.
Enrolment levels
The level of attendance at these cyberschools is hard to gauge. Many of the schools demand an up-front payment before enrolment, and give no indication of how big the classes are. Occasionally small clues betray the size of their enrolment: Compuhigh (16), for instance, claims to have a ‘daily posting responding to student questions’ that is freely accessible to the casual visitor. On the day we looked, there were four postings, one asked about how to enrol, one asked about how to unenrol, one asked about the content of the program, and only one had a genuine language question. Four responses to questions indicate the likelihood of a very small number of enrolments. Another cyberschool (30), which claims to have eight-week ‘terms’ running throughout the year, has not even bothered to post the dates of its terms beyond May 1999, probably indicating no students whatsoever. This is presumably also true of the two schools we attempted to enrol into, but which did not respond to us.
The practical problems of cyberschooling
Students face a number of problems that are inherent in the uses of technology for distance learning: in particular, a lack of computer literacy, and the need to maintain a sense of purpose (in other words, the need for strong motivation).
In the cyberschool arena, these problems surface as:
  • The need for adequate levels of computer literacy on the part of the students. The more technologically demanding a cyberclassroom becomes, the greater the number of potential students there will be who are not able to cope with the demands of the equipment. If the concept of the cyberschool is that students can work on improving their English on their own, and at whatever time they like, it is crucial that they be able to operate the equipment without having to call on help each time they wish to use it. The more advanced the technology becomes, the more likely it is that cyberschooling will become the restricted domain of the ‘cybergeek’ — typically a young male whose main leisure-time activity is playing with and on computers. This is hardly the clientele that the cyberschool industry would wish to end up with.
  • The need to maintain high levels of motivation on the part of the students. Sandery's comments quoted earlier are relevant here: ‘some externally set deadlines and other structures may improve the learning outcomes for most students’. Outcomes will be enhanced if motivation can be kept high, but that is notoriously difficult for students working in isolation, especially if there are no external deadlines for them to work to or a framework that helps them gauge their progress and guide them onto the next step in their learning.
  • The timing of academic terms/semesters/trimesters differ across the world, and so it is often difficult to put together an electronic class at a date and a time to suit all participants. This is difficult enough for email communications, but it is far more difficult for video-conferenced classes, as the class depends on having a group of students sitting in front of video cameras linked to computers for an hour or more at a specific time on a specific day. A significant proportion of students enrolled into any truly international web program is likely to be unavailable at a given time on a given day.

Debski & Gruba identify all three of these problems in the survey of tertiary instructor attitudes that they carried out in Melbourne.
Most of the schools examined here do attempt to cope with some of the issues raised above: if they are unsure about the technology, students are encouraged to email for help, though they would need to be quite advanced learners before they were able to describe their problem, let alone understand the instructions on how to fix it. Some of the schools offer a range of scheduled times for their classroom activities in an attempt to cover different time zones, but this does not overcome the problem of only having a fraction of the total student numbers available for any one class.
Motivation is an important element in any learning situation. Warschauer cites a survey that he carried out which indicates that using computers for learning is motivating in itself. He identifies three factors that bring this about:
  1. computers help students fulfil their need to communicate with native speakers in other countries, with other students and with their teacher;
  2. computers help students overcome isolation, and make it less threatening for them to contact people; and
  3. many students think that computers can help them learn better and more independently: they feel they have more control of their learning and have more opportunities to practise English.

It should be safe to assume that if a student is enrolling into a cyberschool he or she is already motivated by these factors. However, to maintain a student's motivation to stay enrolled for any length of time, a different set of factors is required. Many of the cyberschools address this aspect of motivation by setting students attainable goals: a student is more likely to stay online for eight weeks if the class is designed to last eight weeks (and particularly if the student has paid for all eight weeks up front),
Motivation is perhaps the hardest of all to deal with at a distance, but it is perhaps the most important of all to overcome if students and the cyberschools are to have successful outcomes.
Cyberschool: Threat or promise?
On the positive side, a common set of characteristics do appear to be evolving among the more ambitious cyberschools. These are:
  • The typical school offers a number of specialised courses, ranging from basic English through English for Special purposes and TOEFL preparation.
  • Students can work on a number of web pages containing embedded scripts that consist of exercises in grammar, vocabulary and reading, and on listening comprehension exercises using RealAudio.
  • For a fee, students can also submit written work by email to a teacher who will email it back with feedback on their writing.
  • The school will have a chatroom where students can communicate to each other in English.
  • If the school offers access to teachers that consists of more than simple marking of assignments, the school will work within specific ‘terms’ that may be four or eight weeks in length, and provide students with a number of ‘assignments’ that have to be completed and submitted by email.
  • The more adventurous schools will also offer ‘classes’ using Microsoft's NetMeeting software and student video cameras.

There is, however, a significant negative side as well, all of which currently militates against successful uptake of cyberschooling:
Lack of a human face
The industry (if it can be called that yet) has a serious image problem. Most of the sites are unwelcoming, with few graphics and only a sprinkling of images of people that would provide a human ‘face’ to the organisation behind the site. There is the occasional photograph of an individual teacher or principal, but otherwise most sites consist of pages of form-like exercises to fill in and faceless emails to read. An exception to this is TestDEN: Your Personal TOEFL Trainer (29), which has a particularly lively, approachable interface.
Lack of adequate information about the schools and their courses
As we have already discussed, many of the sites offer incomplete information, and what there is often hard to find. Some (1, 2) offer little or no information until after student enrols.
Many offer a set of free exercises as a sample of what is to come once payment has been made: some offer a free week's enrolment, but none offered any kind of syllabus document that shows student what they will be studying and when. Even the personalised instruction offered by many sites is not accompanied by examples, which would show potential students what they can expect.
Poor marketing
As we have indicated earlier, our brief experience of cyberschools leads us to suspect that very few of these cyberschools have large enrolments. The very fact that they do not mention student numbers makes us think that enrolments must be in the tens at the most. Of course we may be quite wrong about this — there is no way of telling. If we are wrong, then the more successful sites are doing themselves a grave disservice. In most cases, potential students are asked to send their credit card number to a website on the other side of the world with an authority to withdraw hundreds of dollars. In a number of cases, the authority is an ongoing one — the site is authorised to keep withdrawing the same amount on a regular basis until told to stop. Anyone who is contemplating giving total strangers this kind of access to their money will want to know that the organisation behind the school is legitimate and reliable, and that the service provided is of good quality: The best way of showing that is by telling potential customers how many students are currently enrolled and how many of these have reenrolled. Nothing boosts confidence like an appearance of success.
Further examples of poor marketing skills are the cyberschools who offer little or no information about themselves until after a potential student has sent details about himself. This seems to be a particularly unwise strategy in the highly competitive web environment.
Hidden costs
When it comes to paying for their involvement in cyberschooling, students are likely to find that there are a number of hidden costs. Apart from the computer and the software necessary to access the Internet and to work on written materials, there are also the costs involved in purchasing time with an Internet service provider (ISP), making the necessary phone calls to connect to the ISP (relatively cheap in Australia, but not necessarily so in other countries), and in purchasing the additional equipment recommended by the cyberschool, such as a sound card and a video camera and the associated hardware/software to go with it.
These are hidden costs that may well put cyberschooling beyond the financial reach of many in the more developed nations, and well beyond the reach of most in less developed nations. In most cases it would be cheaper to go to a local language school than to enrol into an overseas website.
Conclusion
Our experience of cyberschools has been a rather disappointing one. The industry is still very much in its infancy, with a significant proportion of sites in existence that are little more than teachers' personal web pages.
The future viability of independent cyberschools very much depends on the credibility of what they offer. It could be said that the ESL/EFL industry only became viable when it began to teach towards internationally recognised standards: the Cambridge Certificate, TOEFL and IELTS. None of the cyberschools that we investigated even pretended to offer IELTS or Cambridge training, though a number of them did offer TOEFL training. There is no reason to believe that the cyberschool industry is going to be any different from the traditional language schools of the 1960s. Until cyberschools can offer students an internationally recognised certificate that will open the door to other opportunities in their lives (typically higher education or a better job), there is little likelihood that cyberschools will be more than the poor relations of the language teaching industry.
References
  • Debski, R., & Gruba, P. (1999). A qualitative survey of tertiary instructor attitudes towards project-based CALL. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 12 (3), 219-239.
  • NBEET (1996). The Implications of Technology for Language Learning (52). Canberra: National Board of Employment, Education and Training.
  • Sandery, P. (1993). Interactive Multimedia Stimulus Paper. Unpublished paper presented to Interactive Multimedia Forum conducted by ACT Department of Education for the Curriculum Corporation. Canberra.
  • Sperling, D. (1999). Online English courses. Available: <http://www.eslcafe.com/search/Online_English_Courses/> 1 October 1999].
  • Sussex, R. (1991). Current issues in distance language education and open learning: An overview and an Australian perspective. In G. L. Ervin (Ed.), International perspectives on foreign language education (pp. 177-193). Lincolnwood, Ill: National Textbook Company.
  • Tella, S. (1996). Foreign languages and modern technology: Harmony or hell? In M. Warschauer (Ed.), Telecollaboration in foreign language learning: Proceedings of the Hawai'i symposium (pp. 4-28). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
  • Warschauer, M. (1996). Motivational aspects of using computers for writing and communication. In M. Warschauer (Ed.), Telecollaboration in foreign language learning (pp. 231). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
Author
Mike Smith(m.smith@hlc.unimelb.edu.au) is a lecturer at the Horwood Language Centre of the University of Melbourne, Australia. He runs ESL programs, and lectures on the Centre's postgraduate programs in CALL. He is currently studying for a PhD, investigating learning strategies within the CALL context.
Urai Salam is a teacher of English as Foreign Language in the Language Development Unit at the University of Tanjungpura Indonesia (http://www.untan.ac.id/). He is currently studying for a Masters in CALL at the Horwood Language Centre.
Apendix A
Extract from an email lesson
This an example of materials from one email lesson received from EnglishLearner.Com at


  • You are receiving this e-mail because you signed up for it - I never send unsolicited messages (spam).
  • Please tell a friend how to subscribe - it's free!
  • For unsubscription info, please see the end of this e-mail.
  • I'll send you the answers to this lesson on Sunday (19 September).

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  • The best dictionaries, grammar books and vocabulary lists at DISCOUNT PRICES! These are the books that all teachers of English recommend, all around the world!
  • Click here:
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  • ADVANCED VOCABULARY 6
  • Exercise 1
  • Match the two halves of the proverbs in the two columns.
  • 1) Look before A) than words.
  • 2) There is no smoke B) always blames his tools.
  • 3) Actions speak louder C) while the sun shines.
  • 4) All's well D) and spoil the child.
  • 5) A bad workmen E) is a master of none.
  • 6) A Jack of all trades F) that lays the golden eggs.
  • 7) Make hay G) without breaking the eggs.
  • 8) Time and tide wait H) you leap.
  • 9) Spare the rod I) from little acorns grow.
  • 10) Great oaks J) without fire.
  • 11) Don't kill the goose K) for no man.
  • 12) You cannot make an omelet (sic) L) that ends well.

  • THE BEST NEW CDs AND BOOKS AT EXCELLENT PRICES!
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Apendix B
Websites discussed in the paper
This an example of materials from one email lesson received from EnglishLearner.Com at
From Dave's ESL Caf_ site
Numbering in the first part of this list (01-30) refers to the entries in the list at Dave's ESL Cafe on 1 October 1999, when the survey was carried out.
Any omitted entries were not relevant to this survey.
01 English Connection

03 Cyberlangues

05 Ed USA Online

07 English Page - Free Online English Lessons

08 English on-line reading

09 English Through the Internet

10 English Tuition Online - English for your needs

11 English Online

12 EnglishSpace

13 Englishtown

14 Fullerton College composition online

15 Language Learning Forum

16 Compuhigh

17 EuroTitle Email Course

19 Knowledge 2000

20 Web-English

21 Learn2.com

22 Net English teacher

23 NetLearn Languages - The On-Line Language School

24 Study English Online for Free

25 Robinson's Online English

26 Roggy's ESLweb

27 Sat Caliber

28 Surf2School.com

29 TestDEN: Your Personal TOEFL Trainer

30 The English Writing Academy

Sites not from Dave's ESL Cafe
31 The Internet Mini-Course

32 Guide to Grammar and Writing

33 English by E-mail

34 English for the Internet

35 Online English

Worldschool tutorials
source: http://callej.org/

Copyright (c) 2000- Mike Smith & Urai Salam & CALL-EJ Online (ISSN 1442-438X). All rights reserved.

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1 komentar:

  1. Uliana31 Maret 2023 pukul 07.37

    to prepare for exams, including international ones, I recommend an online English school
    https://englishpapa.com/online-ielts-preparation-courses-at-the-englishpapa/
    The school has the status of the Cambridge Examination Center for taking international exams in English, so the level of education is very high. And the lessons are online.

    BalasHapus

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